Predicción de mortalidad en pacientes con dengue grave en Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos / Prediction of mortality in severe dengue in the Intensive Care Unit

Introducción: el dengue constituye un importante problema de salud pública para las regiones endémicas. Objetivo: identificar variables clínicas, biológicas e imaginológicas asociadas a la probabilidad de morir en pacientes con dengue grave ingresados en la unidad de cuidados intensivos del Hospital General Docente "Dr. Agostinho Neto" entre enero y noviembre de 2014. Método: se realizó un estudio epidemiológico, caso-control, retrospectivo en el que se incluyen todos los pacientes ingresados en el escenario investigacional con diagnóstico de dengue grave y que fueron confirmados serológicamente, en dicho período de estudio. Se emplearon estadígrafos descriptivos y análisis univariado, bivariado y de regresión logística para determinar la asociación de las variables seleccionadas con la mortalidad. Se analizaron 90 casos, 10 fallecidos y 80 egresados vivos. Resultados: En el análisis univariado resultaron tener diferencias significativas la presión arterial media, el gasto urinario y el conteo plaquetario, la glicemia, la acidosis metabólica y el derrame pericárdico. En el análisis multivariado, mostraron asociación con la mortalidad el gasto urinario y la presión arterial media, la glicemia, la acidosis metabólica y el derrame pericárdico. El derrame pericárdico y la acidosis metabólica tienen aceptables medidas de validez y seguridad diagnósticas de la probabilidad de morir. Conclusiones: La presión arterial media y el gasto urinario 3, la glicemia 2 y 3, la acidosis metabólica con DB? -8 mmol/l en el momento 1 y 2, y el derrame pericárdico en el momento 3 resultaron ser variables con capacidad predictiva de mortalidad en pacientes con dengue grave(AU)

Introduction: dengue is an important public health problem for endemic regions. Objective: to identify clinical, biological and imaging variables associated with the probability of dying in patients with severe dengue admitted to the intensive care unit of the General Teaching Hospital "Dr. Agostinho Neto" between January and November 2014. Method: a study was conducted epidemiological, case-control, retrospective study in which all patients were admitted to the research scenario with a diagnosis of severe dengue and whom were confirmed serologically in this studied period. Descriptive statistics and univariate, bivariate and logistic regression were used to determine the association of the selected variables with mortality. It were analyzed 90 cases, 10 deaths and 80 alive. Results: In the univariate analysis, mean blood pressure, urinary output and platelet count, glycaemia, metabolic acidosis and pericardial effusion were found to have significant differences. In the multivariate analysis, that shown an association with mortality, urinary output and mean arterial pressure, glycemia, metabolic acidosis and pericardial effusion. Pericardial effusion and metabolic acidosis have acceptable measures of diagnostic validity and safety of the probability of dying. Conclusions: Mean arterial pressure and urinary output 3, glycemia 2 and 3, metabolic acidosis with DB?8 mmol / l at time 1 and 2 and pericardial effusion at time 3 were found to be variables with predictive capacity of mortality in patients with severe dengue(AU)

Comorbidities increase in-hospital mortality in dengue patients in Brazil

Dengue remains an unmet public health burden. We determined risk factors for dengue in-hospital mortality in Brazil. Of 326,380 hospitalised dengue cases in 9-45-year-old individuals, there were 971 deaths. Risk of dying was 11-times higher in the presence of underlying common comorbidities (renal, infectious, pulmonary disease and diabetes), similar to the risk of dying from severe dengue and much higher with the combination. Ensuring access to integrated dengue preventative measures in individuals aged ≥ 9 years including those with comorbidities may help achieve the WHO objective of 50% reduction in mortality and 25% reduction in morbidity due to dengue by 2020.

Trends and factors associated with dengue mortality and fatality in Brazil

Studies that generate information that may reduce the dengue death risk are essential. This study analyzed time trends and risk factors for dengue mortality and fatality in Brazil from 2001 to 2011.

Intervenciones de enfermería para la atención del paciente con dengue grave en el segundo y tercer nivel de atención / Nursing interventions for the care of the patient with dengre grave in the second and third level

Introducción. El dengue es una enfermedad infecciosa sistémica, viral transmitida por el mosquito “Aedes”. La OMS calcula que cada año se producen entre 50 y 100 millones de infecciones por este virus en el mundo. En México en el transcurso de la última década ha habido un incremento de casos, especialmente de tipo hemorrágico.Métodos. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática de artículos en cuatro etapas, retrospectiva a 10 años relacionada a dengue grave en PubMed, BVS, Tripdatabase y sitios Web; obteniendo 149 resultados, siendo útiles 40 para el desarrollo de esta guía: revisiones sistemáticas, meta análisis, ensayos clínicos aleatorizados, estudios observacionales y Guías de Práctica Clínica.Resultados. Revisiones sistemáticas mencionan que la desnutrición grado 2 o 3 proteico calórica severa protege contra la vasculopatía del dengue y que la fase crítica comienza alrededor del período de desaparición de fiebre, la leucopenia avanza y hay una rápida disminución de plaquetas, esto precede a la manifestación más específica y potencialmente mortal de esta fase: incrementa la permeabilidad capilar conduciendo a la pérdida de plasma y aumento en él hematocrito; un estudio transversal prospectivo encontró que infecciones sucesivas del virus del dengue aumentan el riesgo de dengue grave y un estudio multicéntrico refiere que las fallas orgánicas más desarrolladas fueron respiratorias, cardiovasculares, neurológicas y hepáticas.Conclusiones. La implementación de las recomendaciones están dirigidas principalmente a las intervenciones de enfermería que contribuyen a la prevención, recuperación, disminución de complicaciones y limitación de daños para el paciente con dengue grave.

Introduction. Dengue fever is a systemic, viral infectious disease transmitted by the ""Aedes"" mosquito. WHO estimates that each year occur between 50 and 100 million infections by this virus in the world. In Mexico over the course of the last decade, there has been an increase in cases, especially of hemorrhagic type. Methods. A systematic search of articles was carried out in four stages, back at 10 years related to severe dengue in PubMed, VHL, Tripdatabase and Web sites; 149 results, being useful 40 for the development of this guide: systematic reviews, meta analysis, clinical trials randomized, observational studies and clinical practice guidelines. Results. Systematic reviews mentioned malnutrition grade 2 or severe caloric protein 3 protects against vascular disease of dengue and the critical phase begins around the time of the disappearance of fever, leukopenia advances and there is a rapid decrease in platelets, this precedes the manifestation more specific and potentially deadly this phase: increases capillary permeability, leading to the loss of plasma and increase the hematocrit; a prospective cross-sectional study found that successive infections of the dengue virus increases the risk of serious dengue and a multicenter study concerns that more developed organic failures were respiratory, cardiovascular, neurological and hepatic.Conclusions. The implementation of the recommendations are directed mainly to the nursing interventions that contribute to the prevention, recovery, reduction of complications and limitation of patient with severe dengue.

Introdução. Dengue é uma doença infecciosa sistêmica, viral transmitida pelo mosquito ""Aedes"". O que estima-se que cada ano produzirá entre 50 e 100 milhões de infecções por este vírus no mundo. No México, durante a última década tem sido um aumento de casos, especialmente do tipo hemorrágico. Métodos. Uma busca sistemática dos artigos foi realizada em quatro etapas, em 10 anos relacionados com graves da dengue no PubMed, BVS, Tripdatabase e Web sites; 149 resultados, sendo 40 útil para o desenvolvimento deste guia: revisões sistemáticas, meta análise, ensaios clínicos randomizados, estudos observacionais e diretrizes de prática clínica.Resultados. Revisões sistemáticas mencionado o grau de desnutrição 2 ou proteína calórica grave 3 protege contra doença vascular de dengue e a fase crítica começa na época do desaparecimento da febre, leucopenia avança e há uma rápida diminuição de plaquetas, isto precede a manifestação mais específica e potencialmente mortal nesta fase: aumenta a permeabilidade capilar, levando à perda de plasma e aumento do hematócrito; um estudo transversal prospectivo descobriu que infecções sucessivas do vírus da dengue a aumentam o risco de dengue grave e um estudo multicêntrico refere-se que os defeitos orgânicos mais específica e potencialmente mortal nesta fase: aumenta a permeabilidade capilar, levando à perda de plasma e aumento do hematócrito; um estudo transversal prospectivo descobriu que infecções sucessivas do vírus da dengue a aumentam o risco de dengue grave e um estudo multicêntrico refere-se que os defeitos orgânicos mais desenvolvidos eram respiratórias, cardiovasculares, neurológicas e hepáticas. Conclusões. A implementação das recomendações são direcionados principalmente para eles, as intervenções de enfermagem que contribuem para a prevenção, recuperação, redução de complicações e a limitação de danos para o paciente com dengue grave.

Mortalidad en pacientes con dengue en la epidemia 2012-2013 / Mortality during an outbreak of dengue 2012 - 2013

Introducción: el dengue presenta diversas formas clínicas, desde asintomáticas hasta fatales. Existen diversos factores de riesgo asociados a la mortalidad por dengue. Objetivo: determinar los factores de riesgo asociados a la mortalidad por dengue. Metodología: estudio de casos (adultos fallecidos por dengue) y controles (adultos sobrevivientes al dengue), durante la epidemia verano 2012-2013 en Paraguay. Resultados: los factores de riesgo asociados significativamente a la mortalidad por dengue fueron: presencia de comorbilidades, hemorragias, hepatitis, hipoproteinemia e hipoalbuminemia. El choque por dengue fue la causa de óbito más frecuente (49%). Conclusiones: los factores asociados a la mortalidad por dengue son inherentes al paciente (comorbilidades) y a la gravedad de la infección, resultante de las manifestaciones hemorrágicas, afectación sistémica y fuga capilar.

Introduction: Dengue has several clinical forms, from asymptomatic to fatal. There are several risk factors associated with mortality from dengue. Objective: To determine the risk factors associated with mortality from dengue. Methodology: case studies (death of dengue adults) and controls (survivors dengue adults) during summer 2012-2013 epidemic in Paraguay. Results: Risk factors significantly associated with mortality from dengue were: presence of comorbidities, hemorrhage, hepatitis, hypoproteinemia and hypoalbuminemia. Dengue shock syndrome was the most common cause of death (49%). Conclusions: The mortality associated with dengue factors are inherent to the patient (comorbidities) and the severity of infection, resulting in hemorrhagic manifestations, systemic involvement and capillary leak.osus reaction.

Risk factors associated with death in Brazilian children with severe dengue: a case-control study

Objective: The purpose of this case-control study was to evaluate risk factors associated with death in children with severe dengue. Methods: The clinical condition of hospitalized patients with severe dengue who died (cases, n = 18) was compared with that of hospitalized patients with severe dengue who survived (controls, n = 77). The inclusion criteria for this study were age under 13 years; hospital admission in São Luis, northeastern Brazil; and laboratory-confirmed diagnosis of dengue. Results: Severe bleeding (hemoptysis), a defining criterion for dengue severity, was the factor most strongly associated with death in our study. We also found that epistaxis and persistent vomiting, both included as warning signs in the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of dengue, were strongly associated with death. No significant association was observed between any of the laboratory findings and death. Conclusions: The finding that epistaxis and persistent vomiting were also associated with death in children with severe dengue was unexpected and deserves to be explored in future studies. Because intensive care units are often limited in resource-poor settings, any information that can help to distinguish patients with severe dengue with a higher risk to progress to death may be crucial. .

Dengue fever in Pakistan: Inten-sity declines, threat remains

In 2011, Pakistan has witnessed one of the worst outbreaks from dengue fever/dengue haemorrhagic fever [DF/DHF]. Till October 31, the country reported a total of 252,935 suspected cases of which 17,057 cases were laboratory-confirmed. A total 219 deaths were also reported in 2011 from this outbreak. Majority of the cases and deaths were reported from Punjab province with more than 250,000 suspected cases including 203 deaths. In recent time, cases have declined from Punjab as well as from other provinces in Pakistan. How-ever, the threat has not subsided as the outbreak has become a recurrent public health event in Pakistan since 2006 and as such, massive public health preparedness efforts are warranted if another big outbreak is to be avoided

Dengue epidemiology in Thanjavur and Trichy district, Tamilnadu - Jan 2011-Dec 2011.

Background: Dengue infection is emerging as a serious public health problem in Tamil Nadu. An enhanced surveillance system can generate information on the epidemiology of the disease, which is essential for planning and development of relevant control/preventive measures against Dengue. Materials and Methods: A prospective descriptive study was undertaken between January 2011 to December 2011, by testing suspected Dengue patients attending Thanjavur Medical College and Trichy Hospital (TMCH, a major Government referral hospital in Thanjavur District, Tamil Nadu, India) to define the magnitude of Dengue burden, the natural history of this disease in terms of clinical presentation and outcome of the infections in hospitalized Dengue patients. The sera collected from suspected patients were analyzed for Dengue specific IgM and IgG antibodies by IgM antibody capture enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using NIV kit and IgGPanBio Duo Rapid Immunochromatographic Card Test (Brisbane, Australia). The clinical case definition by World Health Organization was adopted to categorize the Dengue cases. Results: The total number of samples screened during the period was 200, out of which 79 (39.5%) were positive for IgM and IgG antibodies and 65 (32%) for IgM antibodies only. By clinical evaluation, Dengue fever was diagnosed in 43 patients, 18 had hemorrhagic manifestations and four patients had progressed to DSS. Though (DSS + DHF) was present in 22 patients, all of them recovered well. Conclusion: In developing countries like India, building of laboratory with advanced capacity for diagnosis and combat-mode ready preparedness for the management of Dengue cases in emergency situation may reduce Dengue-related mortality.

Clinical and epidemiological characterization of dengue hemorrhagic fever cases in northeastern, Brazil / Caracterização clínica e epidemiológica dos casos de dengue hemorrágica no nordeste do Brasil

INTRODUCTION: The dengue hemorrhagic dengue (DHF) remains an important public health problem in Brazil. The objective of this study was to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of DHF cases during the 2003 epidemic in Ceará. METHODS: Suspected DHF cases with onset of symptoms between January and December 2003 were investigated. RESULTS: 37,964 classic dengue cases and 291 DHF cases were reported. Among the cases discarded, 75.5 percent were serologically positive but did not meet the criteria recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). The DHF patients' median age was 30 years (2 - 88). Among the hemorrhagic manifestations, petechiae were the most (32.6 percent) frequent. Cases of gastrointestinal bleeding, ascites, pericardial pleural effusion, hepatomegaly, hypotension and shock showed higher risk of progression to death (p <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The introduction of a new serotype (DENV-3) in Ceará, which encountered a susceptible population and high vector density, may have been the primary agent responsible for the magnitude of the epidemic. Timely and appropriate medical care, along with an organized care structure are essential for reducing its lethality.

INTRODUÇÃO: A febre hemorrágica do dengue (FHD) permanece como um importante problema de saúde pública no Brasil. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar os aspectos epidemiológicos dos casos de dengue hemorrágico durante a epidemia de 2003, no Ceará. MÉTODOS: Foram investigados os casos suspeitos de FHD, com início de sintomas no período de janeiro a dezembro de 2003. RESULTADOS: Foram reportados 37.964 casos de dengue clássica, com 291 casos de FHD. Entre os casos descartados, 75,5 por cento apresentaram sorologia positiva, mas não preenchem os critérios recomendados pela Organização Mundial de Saúde. A mediana de idade dos pacientes com FHD foi de 30 anos (2 - 88). Para manifestações hemorrágicas, as petéquias com 32,6 por cento foram as mais frequentes. Os casos de hemorragia digestiva, ascite, derrame pleural e pericárdico, hepatomegalia, hipotensão e choque apresentaram maior risco de progressão para óbito (p <0,05). CONCLUSÕES: A introdução de um novo sorotipo (DENV-3) no Ceará, encontrando a população suscetível e a alta densidade do vetor podem ter sido os principais responsáveis pela magnitude da epidemia. A atenção médica oportuna e adequada, bem como uma estrutura organizada de cuidado aos pacientes são indispensáveis para reduzir a letalidade.

Dengue fever in Sudan: cases continue to rise

Dengue fever [DF] cases continues to rise in Red Sea state of Sudan. Since the beginning of this year until 12 March 2010, a total of 975 suspected cases of Dengue fever including 5 deaths [CFR - 0.5%] were reported from the Red Sea state of Sudan. Many of these DF cases have been laboratory confirmed [68 out of 135 blood samples collected]. About one-quarter of these DF cases presented with one or more haemorrhagic manifestations

Dengue in the Americas: challenges for prevention and control: [review] / Dengue en las Américas: desafíos para su prevención y control: [revisión]

Dengue is the most important vector-borne disease in the Americas and threatens the lifes of millions of people in developing countries. Imprecise morbidity and mortality statistics underestimate the magnitude of dengue as a regional health problem. As a result, it is considered a low priority by the health sector with no timely steps for effective control. Dengue is perceived as a problem of "others" (individually, collectively and institutionally), therefore responsibility for its control is passed on to others (neighbors, the community, municipality, health institutions, or other governmental agencies). With no precise risk indicators available there is little opportunity for timely diagnoses, treatment, health interventions or vector control (poor surveillance). Solutions only targeting the vector reduce the impact of interventions and there is no sustainable control. Without political commitment there are insufficient resources to face the problem. This paper discusses the challenges for prevention and control in the Americas.

El dengue es la enfermedad transmitida por vector más importante en las Américas, que amenaza la vida de millones de personas. Las cifras subestiman la magnitud del problema y el dengue no figura como prioridad para las autoridades en salud y no se identifica como problema (baja percepción de riesgo), por lo que las medidas para el control se realizan tardíamente. El dengue se considera un problema de "otros" (individuo, colectividad, institucional) y la responsabilidad del control se desvía hacia otros (vecindario, comunidad, municipio, el Ministerio de Salud, etc.). Se carece de indicadores de riesgo precisos, por lo que no hay oportunidad para acciones de diagnóstico, tratamiento, prevención y control vectorial. Con intervenciones poco efectivas no hay control sostenible y sin compromiso político no hay recursos suficientes para enfrentar este problema sanitario. Este artículo aborda los desafíos para la prevención y el control del dengue en las Américas.

Dengue: twenty-five years since reemergence in Brazil: [review] / Dengue: vinte e cinco anos da reemergência no Brasil: [revisão]

This article revisits the epidemiology of dengue in Brazil, 25 years after its reemergence in the country, discussing the main determinants and implications for its control. The authors emphasize the clinical and epidemiological peculiarities of this viral disease in Brazil, which leads the world in both the number of cases reported and risk of occurrence of the disease. The article presents the changes occurring in the dengue epidemiological pattern in recent years, like the sudden age shift in the incidence of dengue hemorrhagic fever, and discusses possible associated factors. The article focuses specifically on the epidemic in Rio de Janeiro in 2008, this episode's impact on the international community, and the fear that the disease could spread to Europe. The authors conclude that the current situation emphasizes the need for the international scientific community to renew its efforts to generate knowledge allowing improvement and progress in the development of new tools and strategies for dengue prevention.

Este artigo revisita a epidemiologia da dengue no Brasil após 25 anos da sua reemergência discutindo os principais determinantes e implicações no seu controle. Destacam-se peculiaridades clínicas e epidemiológicas desta virose neste país, que ocupa uma das primeiras posições no que diz respeito tanto ao número de casos notificados como no risco de ocorrência desta doença no mundo. Apresentam-se as mudanças que vêm ocorrendo no padrão epidemiológico da doença nos últimos anos, a exemplo do súbito deslocamento de faixa etária na incidência da febre hemorrágica da dengue, discutindo-se os possíveis fatores envolvidos. Particulariza-se a epidemia do Rio de Janeiro, em 2008, o reflexo deste episódio na comunidade internacional e o temor de disseminação da doença para a Europa. Os autores consideram que esta conjuntura aponta para a necessidade da comunidade científica mundial renovar esforços para gerar conhecimentos que possibilitem o aperfeiçoamento e avanço no desenvolvimento de novas ferramentas e estratégias de prevenção da dengue.

Mortalidad de dengue hemorrágico en niños en Colombia: más allá del choque / Dengue hemorrhagic fever fever mortality in children: beyond shock

En el dengue hemorrágico las manifestaciones inusuales como hepatitis, encefalitis y miocarditis están asociadas a la formas graves y muerte. Objetivo. Discribir las causas de mortalidad por dengue hemorrágico en niños menores de 13 años en el Hospital Universitario de Neiva. Diseño. Estudio descriptivo, con recolección retrospectiva de la información. Lugar. Neiva, Huila. Población. niños menores de 13 años. Mediciones. Se registraron todos los pacientes fallecidos con dignóstico de dengue hemorrágico entre los años 2000 y 2006, para un análisis de variables, clínicas y de laboratorio, por grupos de edad, mediante pruebas no paramétricas. Resultados. De 1448 niños con dengue hemorrágico, 338 ingresaron a la unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátrica y hubo 15 casos fatales (letalidad 1,03 por ciento); el 40 por ciento ingreso en el estadio III y el 60 por ciento en el estadio IV. Los síntomas gastrointestinales y signos de fuga vascular estuvieron presentes en el 100 por ciento de los casos. Hubo una mayor tendencia a la hipotensión, menor número de plaquetas y mayor elevación de transaminasas, en el grupo de niños de 1 a 5 años; no hubo diferencias significativas en las variables analizada entre los grupos. Nueve pacientes fallecieron de miocarditis aguda (60 por ciento) con alteraciones del ritmo, de los cuales, dos presentaron elevación de trasaminasas, tres niños por hepatitis aguda (20 por ciento) y tres con coagulación intravascular diseminada (20 por ciento). Conclusión. La mortalidad por dengue hemorrágico no sólo tiene como causa el choque hipovolémico y, en la actualidad debe considerarse el compromiso de órganos como el higado y el miocardio, que contribuye a la evolución fatal.

Saúde e meio ambiente / Health and environment

A sustentabilidade ambiental está diretamente relacionada à falta de informação e cuidados com a higiene. Veja o que o Dr. Dráuzio Varella diz sobre a prevenção e o tratamento da dengue, muitos meses antes da epidemia carioca.

Clinical profile and outcome in children of dengue hemorrhagic fever in north India

The number of dengue fever [DF]/dengue hemorrhagic fever [DHF] cases reported in India has risen in recent years. This study was undertaken to evaluate clinical profile and outcome of children admitted with DHF/dengue shock syndrome [DSS], in the 2006 DHF epidemic in Ludhiana, Punjab. Eighty one children with dengue hemorrhagic fever were hospitalized in the Pediatric Department of Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, India. All patients were diagnosed, managed and monitored according to a standard protocol. Children between 10-15 years were most commonly afflicted [59%]. Infants were the least affected sub-group [3.7%]. Ninety two percent of all children were of DHF and 8% cases presented in DSS. The common symptoms seen were fever [91%], vomiting [41%], poor intake [21%], abdominal pain [16%] and significant bleeding [15%]. Hepatomegaly was present in 60% of cases. 85% of cases had petechiae alone, 15% had evidence of significant bleeding manifestation. Gastrointestinal bleeding was the commonest observed bleeding. The complications seen were liver dysfunction [14.8%], coagulopathy [3.7%], renal dysfunction [3.7%], and acute respiratory distress syndrome [2.4%] and disseminated intravascular coagulation [1.2%]. Mortality in the study was 3.7%. Refractory shock and coagulopathy were seen in all cases with poor outcome. Increased awareness, better transport facilities and case management according to the WHO guidelines, is needed to further reduce mortality of DHF/DSS cases

Caracterización final y lecciones de la epidemia de dengue 3 en Cuba, 2001-2002 / Final characterization of and lessons learned from the dengue 3 epidemic in Cuba, 2001-2002

Over the past 10 years, the American Region has witnessed the reintroduction and dissemination of dengue virus serotype 3. In this paper we describe the main clinical and epidemiologic features of the dengue 3 epidemic that broke out in Cuba between June 2001 and March 2002, as well as the measures that were undertaken to eliminate it. A total of 14 524 confirmed cases were reported, 12 889 (88,7 percent) of them in the City of Havana. Eighty-one cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever were confirmed, three of which died. Secondary infection, white skin color, sickle cell anemia, and bronchial asthma were risk factors for dengue hemorrhagic fever. Active clinical and epidemiologic surveillance and laboratory support were critical to the early detection of transmission and to the monitoring of the epidemic. Widespread involvement of the community and its different sectors, participation of the mass media with a single leadership in command, and strong political will were the key factors that made it possible to eliminate transmission. This epidemic was one more example of the risk of dengue epidemics faced by countries in the area, including those that have strong surveillance and control programs. It also served to show that by applying the principles established by the Pan American Health Organization and the World Health Organization for dengue control, transmission can be stopped.

Aspectos clínicos e epidemiológicos da epidemia de dengue no Recife, PE, em 2002 / Clinical and epidemiological aspects of the dengue epidemic in Recife, PE, 2002

Este estudo mostra os dados da epidemia de dengue e febre hemorrágica da dengue ocorrida na Cidade do Recife no ano de 2002 e as características clínicas, laboratoriais e de necropsia dos 14 casos de óbito por dengue. Foram notificados 35.597 casos, dos quais 208 foram febre hemorrágica da dengue e 14 evoluíram para óbito. O sorotipo Den-3 ocorreu em 76,3 por cento dos casos. A maioria dos óbitos ocorreu entre homens com mais de 20 anos, no 11º dia da doenca, assistidos nos hospitais privados. Os valores médios do hematócrito e das plaquetas foram 40,7 por cento e 56.313p/mm , respectivamente. A hepatite, com níveis elevados de transaminases, ocorreu na maioria dos pacientes, que geralmente encontravam-se anictéricos. Dos quatorze casos, 13 tiveram confirmacão laboratorial. Em oito casos o óbito decorreu de fenômenos hemorrágicos, entretanto, nos outros seis casos não foram identificados sangramentos significativos. O choque, decorrente do extravasamento vascular, associado ou não a sangramentos significativos, esteve presente em 12 (85,7 por cento) casos, sendo portanto a principal causa de óbito nos casos graves de dengue.

Clinical profile of dengue hemorrhagic fever cases in Mexico

OBJETIVO: El dengue hemorrágico en México es una enfermedad emergente desde 1994. La circulación de los cuatro serotipos incrementa el riesgo de epidemias de dengue hemorrágico. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se reportan los datos clínicos y epidemiológicos de los casos de dengue hemorrágico confirmados y notificados por el IMSS de 1995 a 2003. Se analizaron las características clínicas y epidemiológicas entre grupos. Para el control y la evaluación final de las variables se utilizó un modelo multivariado. RESULTADOS: Los casos fueron asignados en dos grupos: 438 con dengue clásico, que incluye 109 casos con manifestaciones hemorrágicas sin trombocitopenia, y 977 casos de dengue hemorrágico con 79 defunciones. Los factores de riesgo asociados a las defunciones fueron: hematemesis (RR 2.6; IC 95 por ciento 1.4-4.6) y melena (RR 2.2; IC 95 por ciento 1.2-3.7). CONCLUSIONES: El cuadro clínico descrito para la población del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social permite identificar factores pronósticos que ayuden al clínico a prevenir y manejar adecuadamente los casos severos de dengue hemorrágico.